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Autism and dementia

Autism and dementia are different conditions, but some people have both together. This page, which we have developed in collaboration with Autistica, King’s College London, and people with lived experience of autism and dementia, explains the similarities in the two conditions, key differences, changes to look out for and how to find support.

What is autism?

Autism is a lifelong difference in how a person experiences and interacts with the world. It can influence how someone thinks, feels, communicates, builds relationships, adapts to change and responds to their surroundings.

Autism is not a learning disability, although some autistic people may also have a learning disability.

Communication styles and preferences

Many autistic people prefer communication that is clear, precise and direct. Some may be non-speaking, non-verbal or prefer to communicate in other ways such as writing or using signs or pictures.

Relationships and social situations

Social situations can sometimes feel confusing, overwhelming or tiring for autistic people. This could be because of difficulties with reading social cues, interpreting unspoken rules or processing lots of information at once. Some people may need more time alone, or space to recharge after social interactions.

Routines

Many autistic people value routines, clear plans and predictable environments. Change can be stressful or difficult. Even small changes, like moving mealtimes or rearranging furniture, could have a big impact.

Sensory experiences

Bright lights, loud sounds, strong smells, certain textures or changes in temperature can feel overwhelming or even painful for autistic people. This can affect how someone feels and responds to sensory stimulation.

What is dementia?

Dementia is an umbrella term for a range of progressive conditions that affect the brain. There are many different types; the most common are Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia and mixed dementia.

Each type of dementia stops a person’s brain cells (neurones) working properly in specific areas. Common symptoms include difficulties with memory, confusion and problems with speech and understanding that get worse over time.

Dementia is most common in people over the age of 65, but it can also affect younger people. This is known as ‘young onset dementia’.

Is there a link between autism and dementia?

As with non-autistic people, some autistic people will develop dementia. Both conditions can affect similar areas, such as communication, decision-making and behaviour.

It is not currently known whether autistic people are at greater risk of dementia. Some studies have suggested that autistic people are more likely to be diagnosed with dementia than non-autistic people, while others have found no difference.

High-functioning autism and dementia

Being described as having ‘high-functioning autism’ does not mean the person does not experience challenges or need support related to their autism. It may simply mean that they are able to ‘mask’ or ‘camouflage’ their autism traits so effectively that their differences and difficulties go unnoticed.

There is currently no evidence that autistic people who are described as ‘high functioning’ are any more or less likely to develop dementia than non-autistic people, or that their dementia symptoms are any more or less challenging.

Autism and dementia symptoms

Autism and dementia can both affect similar areas, such as communication, decision-making and behaviour. This can make it hard to tell whether symptoms and changes are due to autism, dementia or both.

For example:

  • An autistic person might already find words or communication challenging, so new language difficulties could be missed
  • If someone masks their autistic traits, dementia may make this harder, revealing behaviours that seem new or unexpected
  • Difficulties with changes in routine, emotional responses or social understanding might be wrongly attributed to autism, when they could be signs of dementia

Every person is different, so how symptoms present and develop will vary. It is important to know what is typical for the autistic person, and to seek help if something seems different or unusual.

Unlike autism, which is a lifelong difference in how someone experiences the world around them, dementia is progressive and always gets worse over time.

Diagnosing dementia in an autistic person

If you notice any changes in yourself or the person you support or care for, it is important to book an appointment with a GP. These changes might include:

  • New or worsening memory problems, such as forgetting events or repeating questions
  • Difficulties with concentration, problem-solving or decision-making
  • Struggling more than usual with communication, for example finding the right words or following conversations
  • Changes in mood, such as becoming more anxious, withdrawn or irritable
  • Behaving in ways that are unusual or out of character
  • Needing more help with daily tasks like cooking, shopping or getting dressed

Symptoms like these do not necessarily mean a person has dementia – they could be caused by stress, burnout, infection, medication side effects or another health issue. However, it is important to seek help if you are concerned.

Diagnosing dementia in autistic people can be complex. Traditional memory tests are not suitable for everyone and there are no specific tests for diagnosing dementia in autistic people. A thorough and sensitive assessment is important and should include input from people who know the person well and, if possible, professionals who have a good understanding of both autism and dementia.

What to expect at the GP

At the appointment, the GP should ask the person about:

  • the problems they are having
  • when they started, and if they started suddenly or gradually
  • how they affect the person’s everyday life
  • whether there is any family history of dementia

The GP should carry out some basic memory tests and a physical examination, and should also arrange blood and urine tests to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms.

To help your GP, you can:

  • Write down any changes or concerns beforehand
  • Bring your NHS health passport, if you have one, to your appointment: this will help the GP understand your needs better, especially if communication is difficult or you are in a new environment
  • Bring someone who knows you well to your appointment to help with communication and explaining the symptoms that are causing concern
  • Take notes, or ask the person you are with to take notes, or ask for a written summary

If, after an initial assessment, the GP believes the symptoms may be caused by dementia, they should make a referral to a memory clinic for more detailed tests.

Autistic people can request reasonable adjustments to make healthcare appointments easier and more accessible, such as having longer GP appointments or seeing a health professional with training in autism-informed care.

If you experience any difficulties requesting reasonable adjustments, you can contact Patient Advice and Liaison Service (PALS): a free service to help you resolve concerns about your NHS treatment. Your GP surgery can provide details. If you prefer, you can contact an independent advocacy organisation like VoiceAbility.

Living with autism and dementia

The right treatment, support and coping strategies may help to manage the symptoms of dementia in an autistic person and make daily life easier. However, there is no one-size-fits-all approach to supporting someone with dementia, so it may involve some trial and error. Additionally, the person’s support needs and preferences may change as their dementia progresses.

Wherever possible, include the person in decisions about their care and support.

These strategies might help:

Use clear and direct communication

Using simple language, gestures, written notes or visual aids (such as pictures, symbols or colour-coded schedules) can make things easier to understand. Our tips for communicating with a person with dementia may be useful.

Keep routines predictable

Many autistic people and those with dementia find comfort and stability in routine. Try to keep daily activities, surroundings and people as consistent as possible.

Create a calm, sensory-friendly environment

Autism and dementia can both affect how someone experiences sound, light, textures and other sensory input. Adapt the environment to the person’s preferences where possible. This could include using soft lighting, offering quiet spaces and making sure clothing feels comfortable. Read our advice on making the home safe and comfortable for a person with dementia.

Support the person’s emotional wellbeing

Many autistic people experience anxiety, for example in social situations or overstimulating environments. Dementia may also increase a person’s anxiety, leading to emotional responses like frustration or withdrawal. Being calm, patient and reassuring may help to reduce distress. Activities like listening to music, engaging with nature or taking part in hobbies can help provide calm, purpose and a sense of enjoyment.

Notice changes in behaviour or needs

It may be hard for the person to explain or show how they feel. Small changes in mood, appetite, sleep or behaviour could indicate discomfort, pain or distress. Knowing what is usual for the person makes it easier to spot when something is wrong.

Involve people who know the person well

Family, friends and long-term carers can provide support for the person’s preferences, routines and behaviours. Trusted people and familiar faces are especially important as dementia progresses.

Create a personal profile document such as a ‘life story’

This outlines the person’s history, likes and dislikes, routines and needs, and will help health and social care professionals understand them better. Read our advice on creating a life story, which includes a template.

Find out about financial benefits and support

Autistic people and those with dementia may qualify for disability benefits such as Attendance Allowance or Personal Independence Payment (PIP), which could help with the additional costs of living with a disability. Read our advice on financial and legal sources of support for a person with dementia.

Start planning for the future

This is known as ‘advance care planning’ and ensures the person’s views and preferences – for example, their wishes around future care – are understood and recorded. It means any decisions can be taken in their best interests if they cannot make these decisions or express their wishes themselves.

Connect with people in similar situations

Support groups, peer networks and online communities for autistic people and people with dementia can provide opportunities to share experiences, advice and encouragement. You can often find local listings on noticeboards at your library, GP surgery, community centre or places of worship.

 Sources of support

To speak to a specialist Admiral Nurse about autism and dementia or any other aspect of dementia, please call our free Helpline on 0800 888 6678, email helpline@dementiauk.org or book an online or phone appointment.

You may also find these resources useful:

Autistica resources

Autistica is a research and campaigning charity that funds and shapes autism research and policy. Its mission is to create high quality evidence and make breakthroughs that enable autistic people to live happier, healthier and longer lives.

  • Dementia UK and Autistica are collaborating to raise awareness of dementia and autism and provide information and support for autistic people living with dementia, those who care for them, and health and social care professionals.
  • Tips Hub: a mobile app with autism tips and resources to make everyday life easier
  • Molehill Mountain: a mobile app to help autistic people understand and self-manage anxiety

Other resources

Recent studies on autism and dementia

In recent years there has been a lot of research into possible links between autism and dementia. Some studies have suggested that dementia is more prevalent in autistic people, particularly in mid-life. This may be because autistic people are at greater risk of other factors that may increase the risk of developing dementia, for example depression and social isolation.

However, other studies have found that rates of dementia in autistic people are no higher than in non-autistic people.

More research is needed to establish whether there is a link between autism and dementia.

Autism and dementia webinar

The webinar focuses on the care needs of autistic people living with dementia, and how the interaction between autism and dementia calls for personalised care and support.

Autistic people living with dementia often face distinct challenges in accessing appropriate care and support. These challenges may stem from a lack of understanding about how autism and dementia interact, and how best to adapt care to meet individual needs.

  • How can health and care professionals identify signs of dementia in autistic people, and ensure these are not overlooked or misinterpreted?
  • How can care and support be adapted to effectively meet the unique needs of autistic people living with dementia?
  • How can organisations work to improve awareness and develop practical guidance for autistic people with dementia, their families, and professionals?

This webinar features Dr Madeleine Walpert, Deputy Head of Research and Publications at Dementia UK; Dr Gavin Stewart, Senior Postdoctoral Research Fellow, King’s College London; and Dr Chris Knifton, Admiral Nurse and Associate Professor of Neurocognitive and Neurodevelopmental Education, De Montfort University.